Unfounded Stereotypes and Stereotyping at State University

Unfounded Stereotypes at State University Choosing a college major is often a difficult and distressing task for many students. Most individuals attend college to obtain a career that will lead to wealth and success. When deciding on a major, students consider their main interests as well as the opportunities offered by particular fields of study. Many of these young adults, however, never consider that the decisions they make can determine their status at a university and can be the source of many generalizations by peers. Especially at the State University, certain majors are believed to be more credible than others. For example, those found in the fields of mathematics and science are perceived to be highly difficult and time†¦show more content†¦In addition, many students are pressured into a certain major by family members who want children or grandchildren to excel financially or to follow in certain footsteps. Unfortunately. this is a misguided approach to selecting a major because a students desires and stre ngths might lie elsewhere. Director of career services at the University of Connecticut, Cynthia Sedgwick states that That approach may leave you destined for failure . . . . First and foremost, students have to be in touch with their skills and interests as they approach their education. And sometimes the passion is more important than the skills (How to Pick a College Major 1). Choosing a major based on the wealth it might lead to enforces the stereotype as students select fields they believe to be superior and more prestigious. If students were to choose a major based solely on their individual interests and their propensity to succeed in a job that they enjoy, then it is doubtful that such opinions and rivalries would exist between majors. In a survey of thirty-five Notre Dame students representing different grade levels and majors, the opinions about certain majors as well as about stereotypes were largely in concurrence. Students tended to name Arts and Letters as well as Business as two of the lighter majors, regardless of the individuals own major. The nickname Arts and Leisure surfaced seven times, one student noting that I heard Arts and Letters called Arts andShow MoreRelatedThe Impact of Diversity and Demographic Characteristics on Individual Behavior1066 Words   |  5 Pagesnot always predict behavior, the link between attitudes/values and potential or intended behavior is important for managers to understand. (Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn 2005) Prejudices (preconceived and often erroneous views about others) and stereotyping (generalizations at the base of prejudice) are negative observable behaviors that manifest into discrimination. 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The Human Right of Freedsom in the Haitian and French...

Freedom of any type, whether political, economic, social, is a universal right that should be guaranteed to everyone. In the late 18th century revolutionary wars began in France and Haiti. These two revolutions, significant in their own ways, both were influenced from ideas sparked by the enlightenment. Though some similarities, the revolutions were different in other ways as well. In France the peasant and middle classes fought to overthrow their monarch, while the Haitian slaves wanted their freedom by trying to overthrow the French government which at that time was controlling them. In the year 1791 both the Haitian Revolution and French Revolution were occurring. The French at this time were in the process of making a new government†¦show more content†¦While the third estate, the middle class of French society, held the majority, containing ninety seven percent of Frances’s population, actually had little to no power. This, combined with other factors in France and Haiti, caused them to revolt to solve their problems regarding inequality creating two revolutions that history would forever remember. The French and Haitian revolutions contain some similarities but are actually really different. The French, unlike the Haitian slaves, were under a government as citizens, not slaves, and were fighting to overthrow their existing government. In doing so they were creating one fairer and efficient that could fix not only their social needs but also repair the damage of war and debt upon the country. Haiti was a totally different situation. Haiti, as a colony of France, was under foreign control that had no intention of granting rights or freedoms to its inhabitants. In 1791, when the French were drafting a constitution and reorganizing the government, the scene in Haiti was of slave rebellions causing turmoil as plantations were burned and violence swept the land. The Haitian slaves did not adhere to a government of their own, just slave masters and the French officials that governed the land. Due to this position, the Haitians had to overthrow a military power by creating their own

How is the Internet changing our lives Free Essays

Introduction The Internet is transforming lives. It has become an invaluable tool for communication, information and entertainment. The numbers of people, who join in social network services (SNSs), such as Facebook, twitter, and blogs, has been increasing for a decade. We will write a custom essay sample on How is the Internet changing our lives? or any similar topic only for you Order Now SNS makes the way of communication easier, faster and has also changed our lifestyles as it is so much more convenient compared to before we were using it. In this paper, I will begin by defining what constitutes SNSs and then present a history of them. Following this, I am going to review of three questions: 1 Why SNSs have become important as a means of communication between people? 2 What is the impact of using SNSs on social relations for the individual or group? 3 What are the factors that make SNSs more effective between people? Definition SNSs is web-based services which allows individuals to (1) establish a public or semi-public profile within specific network system, (2) link a list of other users with whom they share a connection, and (3) view and traverse their list of connections and those made by others within the system (Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 2007). History According to the definition, ‘SixDegrees.com’ is the first recognizable social network site witch launched in 1997. It allowed users to have profiles, list their Friends. From 1997 to 2001, the number of community tools began to allow users to create personal, professional, and dating profiles—users could identify friends on their personal profiles without seeking approval for those connections. In 2001, people launched SNSs as their business networks. The users first introduced the site to his friends which helped users to expand their business networks. From 2003, many new SNSs were launched, which the form of profile-centric. Take two most popular SNSs, which are called â€Å"MySpace† and â€Å"Facebook†, as examples. MySpace began in 2003 to compete with other SNSs. It was able to grow rapidly between young adults and allow the user to have relationship between artists and fans. The bands-and-fans dynamic was beneficial each other: Bands and their music company, which they are belonging, want to contact fans for business opportunities and fans also desired from their favourite bands as well. Nowadays, it became the most popular SNSs between teenagers in USA (Boyd, D.M. 2008). On the other hand, Facebook began as a Harvard-only SNS in early 2004. To join, a user had to have a â€Å"harvard.edu† email address. After 2005, Facebook expanded to everyone. The change to open signup did not mean that new users could easily access users in closed networks. Unlike other SNSs, Facebook users are unable to make their full profiles public to all users. Another unique feature of Facebook is the ability for outside developers to build â€Å"Applications† which is enables users to personalize their profiles and perform other tasks, such as compare movie preferences and chart travel histories (Boyd, D.M. 2008). There are four hundred million users who are from thirty countries, according to the recent survey. (Tech countries, 2011) Questions 1 Why SNSs have become important as a means of communication between people? Most users find it indispensable and are using it in ways that enhance their lives. The developing SNSs allow people to have more opportunities compare to before. Especially for from young adults to business people, they have become the most popular way of communication. Most SNSs focus on growing broadly and exponentially, others explicitly seek narrower audiences. Their systems are designed for these points. They introduce, for instance, new friends to users automatically according to their interests, hobby, and degrees so on between networks (Boyd, D. M. 2007). Therefore it is often happens to be able to contact with old friends or old classmates, who have not contact for a long and also make friends with people who have same interest without meeting face-to-face. Not only for maintaining friendship but also for business, SNSs have become the important tools. ‘Ecademy’ is one of the business networking sites built up of a networking. Members share business connections and opportunities each other. It is free to join in, however, membership can be upgraded to power networker for 14 dollars a month (Ina, O. 2004). On the other hand, others point out the negative impact of SNSs. Internet abuse is a broad common word which has varied manes and definitions. The terms used include interne addiction (IA) and it has been found worldwide. Two studies in Taiwan that used representative samples show that 12 per cent of high school students who had ever used the Internet had IA. Other studies which have used convenience samples report IA incidence as ranging from 3.5 – 15 per cent (Janet, M.M.2009). Nowadays, it is common for teens to depend on SNSs for their first socializing, and the worlds of fantasy and reality have often collided into disaster. ‘†Mean girls† who wouldn’t give a wallflower the time of day in the halls of an upper secondary school have â€Å"friended† them on cyberspace, causing an oddly skewed perception of social acceptance.’ (Love To Know Corp. 2011) Some teens even experience physical harm over Internet relationships spurred by SNSs. It is usual cases that some of users commit suicide because of cyber bullying incidents. SNSs give all generations the opportunity to remain anonymous, lost in a large virtual world, which they are able to express themselves (Love To Know Corp. 2011). However, the impact of social network services does not have to be so negative. These negative aspects can be avoided by their parents’ control accounts. Additionally, there are many useful services for defending young adults against dangerous. Moreover, having opportunities to discuss the rules and positive aspects of social networking with friends and family can also help them to confirm the role of social networking. 2 What is the impact of using SNSs on social relationship for the individual or group? The impact of using SNSs for the individual Internet use involves special factors which together create a unique physical environment for the user. McKenna, K.Y.A. (2002) suggests four major factors that differentiate between Internet interaction and face-to-face interaction: a. Greater anonymity; b. The reduction of the importance of physical appearance; c. Greater control over the time and space of interactions; d. The ease of finding similar others; Greater anonymity On the internet, people can easily keep their anonymity. They can select a false name and nickname or hide other personal information. This secrecy around their identify helps people to express their own opinion more freely and sincerely than they would in a face-to-face meeting. However, when a common social identity is available in the net communication, for instance it is likely to improve intergroup discrimination through email addresses (Postmes,T. 2000). The reduction of the importance of physical appearance Attractive people have more social advantages in our culture than the other people. They are better liked, more helped and seen possessing better personality feature and intellectual abilities. And the first impression in a face-to-face also sets the course for the rest of the interaction (Fiske, S.T. 1991). In this case, it is hard for people with unsightly or unattractive physical characteristics to express themselves in public. However a typical Internet social communication is solely text-based, the physical characteristics keep undisclosed. Therefore, they have opportunities to present themselves in any way they choose on the Internet. Ben, Z.A. (2005) point out that the anonymity of the Internet encounter may also be enjoyed by people who are concerned that their appearance is the only reason that others wish to get to know them. Greater control over the time and space of interactions People, who are socially inhabited, very shy, or have no social skills may often feel lack of control and even fear during a typical face-to-face meeting. The unique aspect of Internet communication is that the user can decide when he or she will write message and when he or she will reply. Additionally, the whole encounter is taking place in an environment of their choice and this would be a source of security and comfort. Therefore the user is able to ‘go out to meet the world’ from their own living room (Duval, S 1972). The flexibility of the Internet interactions fits very well with the demands of modern lifestyle. The ease of finding similar others The Internet is accessed everyday by many users, who have various different interests. On the Internet, many thousands of different groups exist and it is directly to find a group of similar others. This, together with the ease of finding details of their different interests and services offered by the net, makes it extremely ease to find out like-minded others visiting the same site. In summary, this fact has opened up opportunities for people belonging to groups (Amichai, Y. 2007). The impact of using SNSs for the group In general, there is space for write email address on the any forms, such as from application forms for member’s cards in shops, questionnaires to prescriptions in hospital. Those email addresses are used to send massages or newsletters to all the members on the list. What are the advantages of this is that it makes the sender easier to find specific recipients who need information from them. It is good for each other because senders do not need to send useless information to people who are not interested in their fields, and also recipients can receive useful information only (Tanis, M. 2009). The other type of group online is web-based discussion forums, which member can contribute by posting messages that others can read, and if desired, respond to. So, the discussions consist of previous posting and members’ opinions (Tanis, M.2009). All this makes web-forms easy accessible locations and where people can give and receive support and where people that are interest in the topic of the group can browse through the postings in an attempt to find the information they need. 3 What are the factors that make the SNSs more effective between people? Many of the theories explain the way of communication in Internet – real relationships in cyberspace. According to Lea and Spears (1995), both of the visual anonymity and the lack of co-presence of the communicators would expand the interaction possibilities, and for some this is the ‘magic’ of on-line relationships. Other theories have also made the claim that the anonymous of the Internet provides a space to feel more comfortable to self-disclose information about themselves (Parks, M.R and Roberts, L.D. 1998). Clearly, people feel more comfortable disclose to someone that they will probably never meet again. SNSs also focus on growing network between friends on the internet. Their features or use searching and profile browsing, many sites offer a range of community building. It is predicted that SNSs collaboration and communication techniques be means of mobile phones or network connected portable tools (Ina, O. 2004). Additionally, users use not only their user name and birthday but also more personal information, such as photograph, real name, hometown, e-mail address, cell phone number, relationship status (i.e. in a relationship or single), sexual orientation, and instant messenger screen name as their profile on SNSs. As in other SNSs, Friendster members create a profile and make public links to others. These functions support users to develop new relationships and share information and also have general use (Dwyer 2007). However, according to Dwyer (2007), the news media point out that the reputation of SNSs has diminished. Although millions of people have joined them with adding reveal personal information, privacy within social networking sites is often not expected or is undefined. Although members can control what appears on their profile, they cannot control what appears on a friend’s profile. Take a teacher and her students as an example, Crude pictures or movies on a friend’s profile caused concern for a teacher when her students asked to ‘friend’ her. This placed her in an uncomfortable position, because it is enable students to access to her profile would also allow them to look at her friends, who she knew to have dangerous pictures on their profile (boyd, 2004). Conclusion The adults among us can still remember the days before the Internet. However, Internet, for children and young adults, is a natural part of life. The population of Internet users is becoming ever closer to that of the general population. Not only for maintaining relationships but also for business opportunities, they have been used by many people, and also they are designed growing network between the users on the internet, such as offering a range of community building. They encourage the users to make new networks. Additionally, they support the user to feel comfortable to join SNSs through many variety factors, such as using real user’s profiles or anonymity. Therefore, many users feel that SNSs interaction is more freely and useful than face to face communication. It is true that although SNSs are indeed useful, we have become too depend on them. It enables people, especially for young adults, to make relationship skill be weak in face to face interaction. In addition to that the number of Internet Addiction has increased for the last two decades. However, the number of their user will expand in the future because their advantages outweigh disadvantages. Reference Amichai, Y. (2007) The Oxford Handbook of Internet Psychology: personality, individual differences and Internet use, ed. New York : Oxford University Press. Boyd, D.M. (2004) Friendster and Publicly Articulated Social Networks: Proceedings of ACM Conference on Human Factor in Computing System, ed. New York: ACM press. Duval, S. (1972) A theory of objective self-awareness, ed. New York: Academic Press. Dwyer, C. (2007) Trust and Privacy concern within social networking sites, Google scholar [online], available: http://csis.pace.edu/~dwyer/research/DwyerAMCIS2007.pdf [accessed 20 March]. Fiske, S.T. (1991). Social cognition,ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. Janet, M.M.(2009) The Oxford Handbook of Internet Psychology: Internet use and abuse and psychological problems, ed. New York: Oxford University Press. Lea, M. and Spears, R.(1995) Love at first byteBuilding personal relationships over computer networks: In J.T. Wood and S.W. Duck,ed. Newbury:sage. McKenna, K.Y.A. (2002) ‘Relationship formation on the Internet, what’s the big attraction?’, Journal of Social Issue, 58,9-32. Parks, M.R. and Roberts, L.D. (1998) ‘making MOOsic’: the development of personal relationships online and a comparison to their off-line counterparts’, Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 15, 517-537. Postmes, T. (2000) ‘The emergence and development of group norms in computer mediated communication’. Human Communication Research, 26, 341-371 Tanis, M. (2009) The Oxford Handbook of Internet Psychology: Online social support groups, ed. New York : Oxford University Press. Tech countries (2011) The World’s Top Ranked Tech Countries 50 [online], available: http://www.weforum.org/news-0 [accessed 10 March]. Ina, O. (2004) Online Social Business Networking communities, Google scholar [online], available: http://www.diri.ie/ [accessed 20 March]. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication (2007) Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [online], available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol13/issue1/boyd.ellison.html [accessed 15 March]. Love To Know Crop (2011) Social network [online], available: http://socialnetworking.lovetoknow.com/Impact_of_Social_Network_Services [accessed 15 March]. How to cite How is the Internet changing our lives?, Essay examples

Crucible And Murders Essay Example For Students

Crucible And Murders Essay The deterioration of Salems social structure precipitated the murders of manyinnocent people. Arthur Millers depiction of the Salem witch trials, TheCrucible, deals with a community that starts out looking like it is tightly knitand church loving. It turns out that once Tituba starts pointing her finger atthe witches, the community starts pointing their fingers at each other. Hysteriaand hidden agendas break down the social structure and then everyone mustprotect themselves from the people that they thought were their friends. Thechurch, legal system and the togetherness of the community died so that childrencould protect their families social status. Being isolated from any other groupof people with different beliefs created a church led Puritan society that wasnot able to accept a lot of change. The church was against the devil, at thesame time it was against such things as dancing and other premature acts. Thereputation of the family was very important to the members of the commun ity. When the girls were caught dancing in the woods, they lied to protect not justthemselves but the reputation of their families. They claimed that the deviltook them over and influenced them to dance. The girls also said that they sawmembers of the town standing with the devil. A community living in a puritansociety like Salem could easily go into a chaotic state and have a difficulttime dealing with what they consider to be the largest form of evil. Salemshysteria made the community lose faith in the spiritual beliefs that they weretrying to strictly enforce. The church lost many of its parishioners because theinterest of the town was now on Abigail because people wanted to know who wasgoing to be named next. When the church was trying to excommunicate JohnProctor, there were not enough people at church to do it. The people weregetting misled so far as to leave a dagger stuck in the door of their ministershouse: Tonight, when I open my door to leave my housea dagger clatteredto the gr oundThere is danger for me.(128) were Parris exact words. With the conveyer of God fearing for his life there was no longer anyone butAbigail to lead the community. The justice system is designed to protect thepeople that it serves but during the trials the accused witch had two choices,death or imprisonment. The punishment of death was given to all people thatpleaded not guilty; the other punishment was to plead guilty and go to jail. John Proctor gave his view of the justice system when he said I like notthe smell of this authority (29). And do you know that near tofour hundred are in the jails from Marblehead to Lynn, and upon mysignature?(85) said Danforth, describing the number of people that were injail on charges of witchcraft. There were so many people executed that Halecommented there are orphans wandering from house to house; abandonedcattle bellow on the highroads, the stink of rotting crops hangseverywhere(130) Salem was turning into a ghost town. With Abigailcontrolling the community, the church no longer getting the whole town toprayer, and an unjust legal system, it is natural that the people were in astate of total chaos. The unexplained was caused by the devil, so some membersof Salem used the unexplained to their advantage. Mrs. Putnam told the truthwhen she said, There are wheels within wheels in this village, and fireswithin fires!(26) Mrs. Putnam did her share of spreading rumors after sheheard that the girls were flying, so she asked Parris How high did she(Abigail) fly, how high?(11). These rumors happened because people did notwant any blame put on to themselves. This passing the buck made people startfighting with one another such as Corey charging Putnam of having his daughteraccuse a resident of witchcraft in order to get Coreys land. Abigail used herpower of getting people to listen to her to her advantage when she chargedProctors spouse with being a witch so Abigail could live with John. This againproves that Abigail had control of the town and the unexplained turned neighboragainst neighbor. The social breakdown in Salem was the major factor in thetragedy that took the lives of many innocent people. There was more than onetragedy in The Crucible. The first was the murdering of many innocent people,and the second was that a community that was once very close had been brokenapart. It appeared that the people of Salem were like a family but isolationactually made th em unable to adapt to a troublesome situation. If the communitycould have had a greater influence from another group of people then the socialstructure would have been able to adapt.

Urban and Rural Life (Collection) free essay sample

There has always been a sharp distinction between urban and rural living, with each having its particular advantages and disadvantages. From a personal perspective, I am more inclined to live in a small town rather than a big city. To me, it boils down to more peace and quiet; a better environment to live in; and family safety. To begin with, small towns are usually quiet and relatively calm. The pace of life is relaxed and the low number of cars and people makes for a peaceful setting without too much noise. Of course, not all small towns are idyllic in this fashion, and a slow and quiet lifestyle isnt every persons piece of cake. However, I personally enjoy it. As a child I lived in both a small country town and then later a large busy city. I vividly recall how much calmer the small hamlet was, and how relaxed and easy-going it made me and others there feel. We will write a custom essay sample on Urban and Rural Life (Collection) or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Conversely, the city with its traffic and crowds of people seemed constantly busy and noisy. In addition to peace and calm, small town living can usually be associated with a better environment. Apart from the fact that there is less traffic and associated pollution, small towns are mostly located in the countryside and have easy access to rural settings. By way of example, it is usually relatively easy to walk out into fields, forests, valleys or even to rivers and lakes (in their natural settings) when you live in a small rural town. The same cant be said of city living which of course has other appeals like entertainment, nightlife and a broader scope of amenities. If, however, like me you prefer the natural environment close to your doorstep, then small town living will be a more attractive option. Besides tranquility and environmental appeal, I also have to say that small hamlets are better for families and family safety in particular. Small towns have closer-knit communities where everyone knows and generally looks out for each other. I personally live in a very small coastal town these days, and I deliberately moved here because of my wife and two young children. I know they can go to and from school without being in danger from traffic or some of the nastier elements of society that tend to congregate more in big city locations. This is not to say that close-knit safe communities cant be forged in cities, but I think anyone who has lived in both settings knows the safety factor for families is more reliable in smaller community-based townships. To sum up, then, I think I have shown with some conviction that factors like peace and quiet; clean and natural environment; and family safety all amount to better living in small towns. And while I concede that big cities have their own special advantages that cant be matched in a lot of small rural settings, these are the factors that matter most to me.

Fundamentals Of Basketball Defense Essays - Ball Games, Team Sports

Fundamentals Of Basketball Defense Essays - Ball Games, Team Sports Fundamentals Of Basketball Defense No sport moves more quickly or requires as many skills as basketball. Basketball is the most electrifying and most innovative game known to man. The primary objective of the game is to score more points than the opposition by putting a round ball through a circular band, called a rim. On defense, a blocked shot or a steal can lead to a fast break at the other end of the court. On offense, one quick move can result in an easy basket. Good dribbling and passing skill can set up wide-open shots for teammates. But long before players can be become part of the excitement on the court, they must first lean and study the basics. This takes a great deal of practice and attention to detail. The basic skills of dribbling, passing and shooting are essential to the continued improvement of every basketball player at every level. In order for a player or team to become a good offensive player they must have the ball. How do obtain or control the ball you might ask? Learning how to be a solid defe nsive player does this. Consistent winners play good defense, and good defense breeds consistent winning. Fans appreciate and identify with a strong defensive effort, and players respect a strong defensive team. Teams who take pride in, and have patience on defense have far fewer off nights than the team that relies only on offense. Strong team defense builds good team morale. We have seen a good defensive team that wasnt together. Everyone respects a good defensive player especially players. Individual defense can do the following for you: it can give you self-confidence, anyone that wants to pay the price can play good defense. If you are gifted with speed, quickness and basketball sense, you can be a great defensive player. It can build you a reputation of being tough and aggressive. Help you get in the best physical and mental condition. Earn for you the special pride and self-respect you get from playing at both ends. Playing individual defense can also give you the chance to make one of the biggest pl ays in basketball, drawing the offensive foul. The first myth about playing defense is that you have to have speed and quick feet, which is not true. Defense is played with anticipation, or being aware of whats going on around you, good body balance and basic fundamentals. There are certain fundamentals you have to follow. But anyone can play defense. If you are willing to work and watch whats going on around you, then you can become a solid defensive player. Defense is as much a mental as a physical skill. Rather than play reactive defense a player should be encouraged to be proactive. By emphasizing active elements of defense represented as follows by the acronym ATTACK, proactive defense is encouraged. Each letter of the word stands for a must for us to be our best. A Attitude: It all starts with your attitude. The starting point of all defenses is the determination to become an aggressive, intelligent defensive player. Each player must develop and maintain control of his attitude, especially on defense. T Team: Through teamwork a collective effort of five defensive players is greater than five individual players. T Tools: The three basic tools of defense that is the most important to develop are your mind, body and feet. We play basketball with our mind, body, and feet; and foul with our hands. A Anticipation: Use your basketball sense and judgement. Know when to make your move. Eliminate moves that have little or no chance for success. C Concentration: Be alert and ready to play defense at all times. Make the change from offense to defense quickly. Defense before your opponent has the ball, and it will be much easier. Maintain a basketball position. K Killer Instinct: You must be aggressive on defense. It is essential that you force the opponent to react to you. Do not react to the offensive player. Force that player away from those strengths. Ten Cardinal Rules of Defense 1. Transition (Early recognition get the defense set) Quick, organized transition with communication by all five players keys to strong team defense. 2. Pressure

The Relation of Heat to Kinetic Theory of Matter Essay

The Relation of Heat to Kinetic Theory of Matter - Essay Example It means that movement of molecules or atoms becomes more when there is more heat. Molecules or atoms have energy preserved in them. They have potential energy as well as kinetic energy and these energies together form thermal energy. Thermal energy moves from an object having high temperature to an object having low temperature and with this movement (Maxwell, 1871), the movement of molecules or atoms also gets faster. The object having high temperature will have fast moving molecules or atoms. Therefore, it is quite clear that the study of heat is related to the kinetic theory of matter. 2. What is temperature? Heat is a process in which, thermal energy shifts from an object of high temperature to an object of low temperature. Heat is not pre-located in matter. It is created and can be noticed as shifting of thermal energy between objects based on temperature difference between the objects. There can be many examples of heat. When we touch a hot surface, the thermal energy shifts f rom the hot surface to our hand due to which, we feel heat as there is a temperature difference between the hot surface and our hand, which on touching shifts. In this way, we can say that the temperature is the measure of heat energy. With the help of a temperature scale we can estimate the degree of hotness or coldness of the surrounding atmosphere or any object. 3. What is the relationship between heat and temperature? While heat is a form of energy that can be converted to any other form, temperature is only an effect caused by the heat. However, both the quantities heat and temperature are directly proportional to each other. If one quantity rises the other also varies directly, if one lowers the other quantity lowers too. The more the amount of heat the more will be kinetic energy of molecules while temperature is the measure of the degree of motion of particles in a system. 4. What are the various properties of a substance that determine its heat capacity? The most important factor that determines the heat capacity of a substance is the energy state of the molecules of the substance that is the direct measure of the heat capacity of a substance. The difference of the heat capacities of the two substances is due to the difference in the molecular energy state of the two substances (Hagg, 2011). The other factors that determine the heat capacity of the material are the pressure, composition of the substance and the temperature. Pressure makes the molecules to be close to each other that make the molecules to collide in a more repetitively that increase the average kinetic energy of the molecules and changes the energy state of the material. Under pressure the three state of the matter behave differently (Belzer, 2011). Gasses are most influences by the pressure and temperature while solids gave little impact when they are under pressure as the molecules are close enough in the solids. As the temperature of the substance is raised the bond between the mole cules weakens and the matter changes its state, as solids when heated to a certain temperature melts to a liquid form and liquids change to gaseous form when heated to a certain temperature. Composition of the material can change its heat capacity by altering the energy states of the material. 5. What are the var

Compare Destiny in Oedipus Rex( by Sophocles) and The Golden Mean Research Paper

Compare Destiny in Oedipus Rex( by Sophocles) and The Golden Mean (2009 by Annabel Lyon) - Research Paper Example According to Michael Clark, â€Å"By the 1950's, Jung had outlined three types of synchronicity: The meaningful acausal coincidence of a psychological event and an external observable event, both taking place at or around the same time. The meaningful acausal coincidence of a psychological event and an external observable event, the latter taking place outside the individual's range of sensory perception. The meaningful acausal coincidence of an internal psychological event with an external observable event, the latter taking place in the future. ... (jung, 1973) Nevertheless, when analyzing the path of self-development taken by Oedipus, as well as that of Alexander and Aristotle in Lyon’s depiction, the importance of synchronicity can be seen in the way that events draw people together at auspicious times that will determine not only their own fate, but the destiny of millions throughout history. Jung’s discussion of â€Å"meaningful acausality† in its first aspect as described by Clark can be seen in the meeting of Oedipus with his father at the crossroads. This was prophesized before Oedipus’ own birth, and for that reason he was tossed away with pierced ankles and received his name. In this instance, the name of Oedipus both illustrates and hides his actual identity to himself and others. In meeting his father in such an apparently random manner against the conscious will of both parties, the element of synchronicity is clearly evident, even if the meaning will not fully become clear until later. T his meeting of Laius and Oedipus exists as the essential point where the meaning of both their lives will constellate and dissipate together, a time the gods and oracles could see but both were unconscious to personally at the time. As Jung writes, â€Å"Synchronicity suggests that mind and matter, as well as past, present and future exist in a meaningfully connected continuum. It also implies that everyday distinctions concerning self and environment, causality and the belief in linear time are historically specific assumptions rather than absolute truths.† (Clark, 2007) The sphinx in the Oedipus tale can be seen as symbolic of synchronicity and the play of fate in the way that it conjoins aspects of

Unit 6 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit 6 - Assignment Example For the sake of customer safety and service, a similar language needs to be in place. The employees need to maintain excellent public relation patterns with the target customers. In doing so, customers feel welcomed and valued. It also promotes the business sales. In another way, a few employees without English knowledge may feel left out and alienated from others who are quick in expressing themselves in English. They may think they are being gossiped in the workplace. Differences in workplace subsides managers institute such changes. The disciplinary action needs to be clear to everyone. The disciplinary policy in workplace ensures that every member sticks to the directives. The employees are hence aware of the repercussions that accompany breaking of the law. Knowledge of the effects of law breaking will deter them from poor acts in the workplace. Therefore, in personal view, measures enforcing English speaking only at the workplace are good if implemented well. They result to good customer care and an improvement in public relation patterns (Ekkens and Winke 270). Ekkens, Kristin, and Paula Winke. â€Å"Evaluating Workplace English Language Programs.† Language Assessment Quarterly 2009 : 265–287. Retrieved from

Murder Of Duncan In Macbeth

Murder Of Duncan In Macbeth Duncans murder, in the play Macbeth by William Shakespeare, was a complete disaster. This deed, performed by Macbeth, but this cannot be totally blamed on him. The three witches are to blame. Their prophecies of Macbeth becoming King sparked ambition in Macbeth, causing him to suffocate himself with the ideas to turn it to reality. Lady Macbeth is also at responsible. Macbeth decides not to go ahead with the plan to kill Duncan, but, she also becomes obsessed with the idea of Macbeth being king and her becoming Queen forces Macbeth into committing the crime. Macbeth played a major role in the murder of Duncan. He, however being in control by others, he was in full control of himself. He knew what he was doing and did it. The three witches in the tragedy Macbeth are presented right at the beginning of the play. They recount to Macbeth three prophesies. That Macbeth will be Thane of Glamis (that he already is), Thane of Cawdor and King All hail Macbeth ,that shalt be King thereafter. Macbeth takes this into account and asks them to tell him more meaning that Macbeth may believe that he will become king. These advices introduce Macbeth to ideas of greatness. When the first prophecy comes true, Macbeth talks aside to Banquo Two truths are told as happy prologues to the swelling act of the imperial theme (1.3.140-141). Macbeth is telling Banquo that so far the witches have told him things that have come true, so it seems to him that this will culminate in him becoming king. In the second visit, the witches reveal to Macbeth three apparitions. The first apparition warned Macbeth about Macduff, Macbeth! Macbeth! Macbeth! Beware Macduff. Beware the thane of Fife. Dismiss me. Enough. The second apparition tol d Macbeth that no man born from a woman will harm him, Be bloody, bold, and resolute. Laugh to scorn the power of man, for none of women born shall harm Macbeth. The third apparition said that Macbeth never be defeated until Birnam Wood marches to fight him at Dunsinane Hill. Be lion-mettled, proud, and take no care who chafes, who frets, or where conspirers are. Macbeth shall never vanquished be until Great Birnam Wood to high Dunsinane Hill Shall come against him. Macbeth does not care anymore about anything expect killing Macduff , because he thinks Birnam woods will never march to fight him , and there is no such thing as a man not born from a women , so , hes all out of harm. Macbeth chooses to kill Macduff because the witches said to watch out for him. If the witches would have never told him to watch out for Macduff he would not have decided to kill him. The play Macbeth is a play about killing and greed. After the witches prophesize his future and becoming king, he decides t o kill to get to the position of king. The witches have control over Macbeth throughout the play. Macbeth follows his conscious in choosing to do wrong. Macbeth fights at times between right and wrong but, because of what the witches have told him he decides to do everything wrong, so he can take a step higher in his journey up the ladder to king. Lady Macbeth plays a major role in influencing her husband to take the path he did. She serves much the same role as the witches do in manipulating Macbeth to murder Duncan, but her influence is more frightening nature. She would always question his manliness to commit the murder, Lady Macbeth desire to see her husband succeed so much, that shed tell him anything to get him to kill Duncan. She worries that Macbeth is too full o the milk of human kindness(1.5.16-17) that he is really too good inside to follow through with killing Duncan. (Ironic, then, that she is the one later who cannot make herself stab Duncan as he reminds her too much of her father.) There is proof that Lady Macbeth understands Macbeths thoughts and feeling are visible in her thoughts. Thou wouldst be great; Art not without ambition, but without the illness should attend it. (1.5.19-21). From the very same speech and small implications from the letter, Macbeth was ambitious enough to want to be the King, but wou ld not think of murdering Duncan. Lady Macbeth knew this, she also knew that she would have to push Macbeth into performing the deed and she starts by telling him Thy letters have transported me beyond this ignorant present and I feel now the future in the present (1.5.62-65). Lady Macbeth explains to Macbeth telling him that she feels that future is almost present. During the play we see that Macbeth just wants to be Thane of Cowdar. However, Lady Macbeth starts to influence him again, but this time she questions his manhood, saying When you durst do it, then you were a man: And to be more then what you were you would be so much more the man. (1.7.55-56). Then after Macbeth is influenced by Lady Macbeth and kills Duncan, Not only she got him to commit the murder, she even knew what to say after he had started thinking about the murder. Lady Macbeths manipulation to Macbeth had affected him, when she would question his manhood and show how much she loves her husband, she would touch his weakness. Thats how she got him to kill Duncan. Lady Macbeth plays a major role in the responsibility of Duncans death. Macbeth was the one who stabbed the king, and he freely admits this during the play. I have done the deed Macbeth relates to his Lady after he completed the objective (2.2.19). Macbeth was never forced to the deed, he did it because he was ambitious. Macbeth, the Thane of Glamis and the Thane of Cawdor, holds the major responsibility for the death of Duncan. He was the one who performed the murder by his own hands. He was ambitious and understood the relation of the foretelling. Finally, Macbeth understood and accepted the plan for the murder of the King. In these three ways, Macbeth bore the leading burden for the death of Duncan. The responsibility of Duncans murder falls on everyones head, the three witches, Lady Macbeth and Macbeth. The witches are responsible because they recounted to Macbeth three prophesies. That led him to kill Duncan and Macduff. When the witches told Macbeth that he is going to become Thane of Cowdar, and that prophecy became true, he started thinking how he could become king. Then in the second visit they warned Macbeth about Macduff. Macbeth was like a ring in the witches hands, whenever they told Macbeth to do something, he would do it. Lady Macbeth also holds the same responsibility as the witches. Lady Macbeth would hit on Macbeths weakness, and attack with her love, and ask him if he was a real man or not. The only way Lady Macbeth could get Macbeth to commit the murder was when she would question is manliness. The only thing that Lady Macbeth wanted was to see her husband successful, either by committing a murder or anything else. Macbeth was responsible for everything as well, Macbeth was never forced to do anything, the witches nor did Lady Macbeth force him to commit any murder. No one is forced to do anything, he should have thought before he did anything. The responsibility of Duncans murder is clear, that all five characters are responsible.

Bad Rap :: Music Papers

Bad Rap I can recall the cold weekend in November after I got my drivers license and my strong urge to go to a dance club on a venture to bond with new faces. The only information I knew about this small, local boom-room was the age limit, dress code and the cover price. When I arrived at the club with my 3 high school friends, we were more than astonished by the overly crowded parking lot that looked similar to tailgate parties at a National Football Game. After paying at the door and getting carded for an ID, we passed through the doors that would lead me to a shocking personal experience. The nightclub was composed of 2 luxurious floors, 1 wooden deck, and 1 laser-lighted VIP room. From the very moment I stepped through the entrance, I could feel the bass from the sub woofers punching at my eardrum. Due to the floods of teens on the dance floor, I felt that my mobility was limited and I knew that this could be a serious fire hazard. It felt like the hip-hop DJ never stopped spinning the new hit singles he would pull from his large selection in a nearby cardboard box. As the music blared, the crowds of people on the dance floor continued to form into huddle-like groups on different sides and corners of the room. I figured that these clusters were nothing but circles of close friends but would soon realize that these groups were actually local street gangs from the poor neighborhoods in my town. As the night came to a close, the DJ threw on a couple more hit records to the likes of the audience. One of these records by Lil’ Jon and the Eastside Boys, however, fell under the category of â€Å"Gangsta Rap†. â€Å"Put your Hood Up†, a mere 4 minutes of vulgarity and severe profanity is a song that parents and guardians need to know about. The song starts off with Lil’ Jon howling â€Å"Aye, check this out I need all my real niggas and bitches to look around the muthafuckin' club. If you see a nigga and he throwin' up a set and it aint yo' set or it aint yo' click, I want y’all niggas to tell them niggas like this.

342 – Support Positive Risk Taking For Individuals

Unit 4222-342 Support positive risk taking for individuals (HSC 3066) Outcome 1 Understand the importance of risk taking in everyday life : 1. Explain ways in which risk is an integral part of everyday life For many people risk is an accepted part of everyday life. Every day activities such as catching the bus, travelling on holiday, playing football, setting up home and starting a family all carry some element of risk. Risk plays a part in our health, safety, security, well-being, employment, education, daily activities, using resources and equipment and in community participation.But some adults, for example disabled people or older people, are often discouraged from taking risks. Traditionally they are not encouraged to take risks in areas such as budgeting, planning, employment and daily living skills. This may be either because of their perceived limitations or fear that they or others might be harmed. Everyone has a right to take risks and make decisions about their lives. There is a balance to be found between service user’s participation in everyday activities and your duty of care.Changes in social care and health policy mean that all adults are being actively encouraged to increase their independence by, for example, travelling independently, and by being fully involved in mainstream society through education, work and leisure. It is impossible ever to fully eliminate risk. It is however possible to minimise and prepare for risk by preventative action. To support people to live independently or to travel independently or take part in everyday activities means accepting that there are risks that cannot be avoided but can be minimised and prepared for.2. Explain why individuals may have been discouraged or prevented from taking risks.For disabled people, a move away from a medical model to a social model of disability now means that there is an emphasis on the discrimination and exclusion created by social and cultural barriers. For some services, approaches to risk have in the past been concerned with avoiding potentially harmful situations to service users and staff. People may need to take risks to achieve their aspirations but people who need su pport can be discouraged from taking risks.This may be because of their perceived limitations or because of fear that they or others might be harmed, resulting in criticism or compensation claims. A more positive approach to risk is now being developed, recognising that in addition to potentially negative characteristics, risk taking can have positive benefits for individuals, enabling them to do things which most people take for granted. Risk can be beneficial, balancing necessary levels of protection with preserving reasonable levels of choice and control.A balance has to be achieved between the wishes of those who use services and the common law duty of Care.3. Describe the links between risk-taking and responsibility, empowerment and social inclusion. Personalised care is for everyone, but some people will need more support than others to make choices about how they live their lives. Everyone has the right to personalised care and as much choice and control as possible. As the p ace on personalisation is picked up it is necessary to ensure that this includes the most vulnerable members of our society, including those who may lack capacity.With effective personalisation comes the need to manage risk for people to make decisions as safely as possible. Making risks clear and understood is crucial to empowering service users and carers, recognising people as ‘experts in their own lives’. Risk management does not mean trying to eliminate risk. It means managing risks to maximise people’s choice and control over their lives. True empowerment means that people might make decisions service providers disagree with.If the outcomes are part of the support plan and all risks have been fully discussed and understood, this can lead to real choice and control and a better quality of life for the individual. With support for positive risk taking it can help the individual to:gain self-confidence-achievement, development, new skills and knowledgedevelop skills-goals setting, new activities, supporttake an active part in their community-involvement, participation, inclusionOutcome 2Understand the importance of a positive, person-centred approach to risk assessment . explain the process of developing a positive person-centred approach to risk assessment Every opportunity contains risks – a life without risk, is a life without opportunities, often without quality and without change. Traditional methods of risk assessment are full of charts and scoring systems, but the person, their objectives, dreams and life seem to get forgotten. A person centred approach focus’ on the individuals rights to have the lifestyle that they chose, including the right to make ‘bad' decisions.It is about helping people and those who care about them, think in a positive and productive way in order to achieve the changes they want while keeping the issue of risk in its place. Risk management is finding a balance between â€Å"positive ri sk taking† based on autonomy and independence and a policy of protection for the person and the community based on minimising harm. Bates and Silberman give a list of 7 criteria that any such approach would have to fulfil, these being:Involvement of Service Users and Relatives in Risk Assessment. Positive and Informed Risk Taking.Proportionality.Contextualising Behaviour.Defensible Decision Making.A Learning Culture.Tolerable Risks. .2. explain how to apply the principles and methods of a person-centred approach to each of the different stages of the process of risk assessment Working in a personalised way and developing a positive person-centred approach means accepting there are risks that cannot be avoided but which can be prepared for.Reasonable risk is about striking a balance in empowering people with support needs to make choices ensuring that the person has all the information, tailored to their specific needs, in the appropriate format, to make their best decisions â €Å"Involvement of service users and relatives in risk assessment†: Involving the person concerned and the people that care about them most is one of the most fundamental tenets of any person centred approach.The process uses the ‘Relationship Circle' to help the person and their allies identify key people who could form the persons ‘circle of support'. This group of people is involved from the outset, in the initial gathering of information, in the framing of what the risk under discussion actually is, in thinking that generates ideas and solutions, in evaluating these solutions, in decision making around the risk, in implementing the actions and in the learning that takes place during these actions.Staff must understand what service users and others want, how they view their own risks and what responsibilities each person has in managing risks effectively. The Person Centred Approach meets this by asking for a clear picture of what the person wishes to achieve, why this is important to the person, what success would look like, a history of the risk and uses the ‘doughnut' tool and decision making agreement tools to look at staff roles and responsibilities, and at who will be responsible for different important decisions in relation to the risk. Positive and informed risk taking†: The process is built around a positive view of the person – it seeks to learn what the person's gifts and skills are, what people like and admire about them, as well as investigating what would be necessary to keep them and others safe while taking the risk. The process is based on finding creative solutions rather than simply ruling things out.Bates and Silberman argue here that quality of life should be â€Å"maximised while people and communities are kept as safe as can be reasonably expected within a free society† Thinking around what it would take to keep the person and others safe while taking the risk is a key part of the Positive and Productive Process, as is the use of the ‘Happy/Safe' grid, which looks at how much solutions would make the person happy, by meeting what is important to them, and how much they would keep them and others safe, by meeting what is important for them. One section of the process includes a question â€Å"What does the law say? enabling the process to be informed by the current law, including legislation such as the Human Rights Act. â€Å"Proportionality†: â€Å"The management of the risk must match the gravity of potential harm† Using the person centred thinking tools means flexibility. The more serious the issue, the more people and the more time can be spent considering it in greater detail. Unlike conventional risk assessment, the approach explores the consequences of NOT taking the risk, to the person, to their family, community and services, balancing these against the potential consequences of taking the risk. Contextualising Behaviour†: â€Å"wh y did the person behave in this way? At this time? In this Situation? † Part of the process involves gathering together previous information about the person, including a history of the person's experience of the risk issue from their own perspective, as well as other historical data, gleaned from a variety of sources including learning logs which look at what has worked and what has not worked in particular situations, and communication charts which explore a person's words and behaviours, seeking their meanings and considering what the best response to these messages should be.The ‘4+1 Questions' (What have we tried? what have we learned? What are we pleased about? what are we concerned about? ) help not only to gain an understanding of a person's behaviour in different contexts, but also to build a picture of what has been learned about what is the best support for that person. Defensible Decision Making†: â€Å"there is an explicit and justifiable rationale fo r the risk management decisions† Following the person centred approach generates a clear trail of written records of what has been discussed, the different perspectives, issues and solutions that have been considered, along with any legal issues, such as the human rights act or the mental health act that might affect the risk decision. The paperwork generated during the process provides a clear rationale for why the decisions that emerge during the process have been taken, and why other options have been rejected.The rationale for decision making is also more clearly expounded and recorded than in traditional risk assessment forms in common usage. â€Å"A Learning Culture† The positive and productive approach to risk has a deep emphasis within it on ongoing learning using learning and reflective tools like the learning log, the 4+1 Questions and What's Working/What's not working, and by clearly defining for staff their core duties and their zone of judgement and creativ ity in relation to the risk.If it is part of a serious and concerted attempt by services to change their philosophy and practice in a person centred direction, it can contribute significantly to building a learning culture within organisations. â€Å"Tolerable Risks† A key aspect of the Person Centred Approach is that it uses creative thinking techniques around methods to mitigate the risk and improve quality of life, moving from situations which make the person happy but unsafe, to where they and the community are safer, and from strategies where the person is ‘safe but unhappy', to where they can be happier.Experience of using the process is that it enables participants to take a more balanced and rational approach to risk, finding ways to enable the person to achieve what is important to them while considering what keeps that person and the community safe in a way that makes sense for that individual. 3. explain how a service focused approach to risk assessment would differ from a person centred approach A risk assessment can only identify the probability of harm, assess the impact of it on the individuals, and pose intervention strategies which may diminish the risk or reduce the harm.Assessments cannot prevent risk. Risk is a normal and often beneficial part of everyday life, but while it enables learning and understanding, in the case of potentially destructive consequences it may need to be monitored and restricted. Traditional methods of risk assessment are full of charts and scoring systems, but the person, their objectives, dreams and life seem to get lost somewhere in the pages of tick boxes and statistics. A service focused approach seeks to avoid all risks as far as possible.Staff would be expected to behave and act in a synchronised way with regards risk, not taking into account the individuals wishes. It has no flexibility and is not a responsive approach to meet peoples` changing circumstances. A service centred approach to risk as sessment would be guided by a standard procedure and can compromise individuals rights to make choices and take risks. Often concerns about minimising and attempting to eliminate risks are in the interests of the organisation, but not necessarily in the interests of the person they are attempting to support.A person centred approach seeks to focus on people's rights to have the lifestyle that they chose, including the right to make ‘bad' decisions. Person centred planning, requires that staff have a flexible and responsive approach to meet peoples` changing circumstances, guided by the principles of good planning rather than a standard procedure. Staff need to be constantly problem solving in partnership with the person and their family and friends. Person centred planning seeks to develop a better, shared understanding of the person and her situation.A person centred approach to risk taking will find the balance between what is important to the person, their aspirations and t he supports that they require. 4. identify the consequences for individuals of a service focused approach to risk-assessment. Risk is a normal and often beneficial part of everyday life. Risk taking can have positive benefits for individuals, enabling them to do things which most people take for granted. While risk taking enables learning and understanding, in the case of potentially destructive consequences, it may need to be monitored and restricted.The problem with a service focused approach to risk assessment, is it reduces an individual’s independence and can reduce the positive benefits for the individual. A service focused approach to risk taking tends to have a negative focus on what the individual is not able to do or what they cannot achieve and has a limited outlook on identifying the benefits of positive, person-centred risk assessment. It does not empower the individual or encourage independence.Outcome 3Understand the legal and policy framework underpinning an i ndividual’s right to make decisions and take risks . explain how legislation, national and local policies and guidance provide a framework for decision making which can support an individual to have control over their own lives There are many Legislation and policies which promote the human rights of individuals which support the individual’s right to make their own decisions and to take risks. Some are as follows: The Equality Act 2010 is the law which bans unfair treatment and helps achieve equal opportunities in the workplace and in wider society.The act replaced previous anti-discrimination laws with a single act to make the law simpler and to remove inconsistencies. This makes the law easier for people to understand and comply with. The  act also strengthened protection in some situations. The  act covers nine protected characteristics, which cannot be used as a reason to treat people unfairly. Every person has one or more of the protected characteristics, so the  act protects everyone against unfair treatment. They protected characteristics  are:Age Disabilitygender reassignmentmarriage and civil partnershippregnancy and maternityracereligion or beliefsexsexual orientationHuman Rights Act 1998 – The Human Rights Act means that residents of the United Kingdom will now be able to seek help from the courts if they believe that their human rights have been infringed. It is likely that anyone working within health and social care will be working within the provision of the Human Rights Act, which guarantees the following rights:The Right to life The right to freedom from torture and inhuman or degrading punishmentThe right to freedom from slavery, servitude and forced or compulsory labourThe right to liberty and security of personThe right to a fair and public trial within a reasonable timeThe right to freedom from retrospective criminal law and no punishment without lawThe right to respect for private and family life, home and co rrespondenceThe right to freedom of thought, conscience and religionThe right to freedom of expressionThe right to freedom of assembly and associationThe right to marry and found a familyThe prohibition of discrimination in the enjoyment of convention rightsThe right to peaceful enjoyment of possessions and protection of propertyThe right to access to an educationThe right to free electionsThe right not to be subjected to the death penaltyMental Capacity Act 2005 – The MCA applies to England and Wales. The primary purpose of the MCA is to promote and safeguard decision-making within a legal framework.It does this in two ways:By empowering people to make decisions for themselves wherever possible and by protecting people who lack capacity by providing a flexible framework that places individuals at the heart of the decision making processBy allowing people to plan ahead for a time in the future when they might lack the capacity for any number of reasons Mental Capacity and Dep rivation of Liberty Safeguards 2005.  The safeguards provide a framework for approving the deprivation of liberty for people who lack the capacity to consent to treatment or care in either a hospital or are home that, in their own best interests, can only be provided in circumstances that amount to a deprivation of liberty. The safeguards legislation contains detailed requirements about when and how deprivation of liberty may be authorised. It provides for an assessment process that must be undertaken before deprivation of liberty may be authorised and detailed arrangements for renewing and challenging the authorisation of deprivation of liberty. The Code of Practice contains guidance on the deprivation of liberty safeguards.It is particularly intended to provide guidance for professionals involved in administering and delivering the safeguards, who are under a duty to have regard to the Code. The Code is also intended to provide information for people who are, or could become, su bject to the deprivation of liberty safeguards, and for their families, friends and carers, as well as for anyone who believes that someone is being deprived of their liberty unlawfully. Mental Health Act 2007 – amends the Mental Health Act 1983 and the Mental Capacity Act 2005.It introduces significant changes which include:Introduction of Supervised Community Treatment. This new power replaces supervised discharge with a power to return the patient to hospital, where the person may be forcibly medicated, if the medication regime is not being complied with in the community.Redefining professional roles: broadening the range of mental health professionals who can be responsible for the treatment of patients without their consent.Nearest relative: making it possible for some patients to appoint a civil partner as nearest relative. Definition of mental disorder: introduce a new definition of mental disorder throughout the Act, abolishing previous categoriesCriteria for Involunt ary commitment: introduce a requirement that someone cannot be detained for treatment unless appropriate treatment is available and remove the treatability test.Mental Health Review Tribunal (MHRT): improve patient safeguards by taking an order-making power which will allow the current time limit to be varied and for automatic referral by hospital managers to the MHRT. Introduction of independent mental health advocates (IMHAs) for ‘qualifying patients'.Electroconvulsive Therapy may not be given to a patient who has capacity to refuse consent to it, and may only be given to an incapacitated patient where it does not conflict with any advance directive, decision of a donee or deputy or decision of the Court of Protection. Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act 2006 – is in response to the Bichard Inquiry 2005, into the failings around the Ian Huntley case.The SVG act is intended to prevent unsuitable people from working with vulnerable people and to reform current vetting an d barring practices. The act sets out a legal framework for the Independent Safeguarding Authority (ISA) scheme which was to be introduced in 2009 (but is currently under review as a result of the 2010 General Election). Valuing People (Department of Health, 2001) – was the first Government White Paper on learning disabilities in England for 30 years.It stresses the important role that Person Centred Planning can play in helping people with learning difficulties take charge of their own lives. The Guidance (Department of Health, 2002) stressed that Person Centred Planning is not a professional activity done to people; instead people themselves and their friends, families or other allies, must lead it. However, professional services still have an enormous role to play in responding in a more person centred way to people with learning difficulties. For 2009 -10 the key priorities include: to ensure that the Personalisation agenda is embedded within all local authority services and developments for people with learning disabilities and their family carers, and is underpinned by person centred planning. † ‘Valuing People Now', is the ‘refresh' of this white paper in 2009 and is a new three-year strategy for people with learning disabilities (2009), DH and clearly state that good person centred planning should be happening, and will lead to better lives for people.Putting People First – â€Å"A shared vision and commitment to the transformation of Adult Social Care (2007), Department of Health. † In the UK the government policy ‘Putting People First' stated that person centred planning must become mainstream. Putting People First recognises that person-centred planning and self-directed support are central to delivering personalisation and maximising choice and control. In 2010 guidance was issued to help councils use person centred thinking and planning to deliver the personalisation agenda.Putting People First is a pub lic service reform programme, which is co-produced, co-developed and will be co-evaluated. It recognises that to achieve real change, users and carers must participate at every stage. This marks a change in status of people who use services, from ‘consumers’ to ‘co-producers’. set out four areas on which councils and their partners should focus in order to personalise services. These areas are: universal services – transport, leisure, health, education, housing and access to information and advice; * choice and control – shaping services to meet people’s needs, rather than shaping people to fit in with the services on offer; * social capital – care and support that individuals and their carers can get from their local community (friends, family, neighbours or community groups); and * early intervention and prevention – support that is available for people who need help to stay independent for as long as possible, to keep t heir home or garden tidy, or to start taking regular exercise. 2. escribe how a human rights based approach supports an individual to make decisions and take risks. A human rights based approach (HRBA) to risk management means ensuring individuals know their rights and are being supported to participate in making choices and decisions. A human rights based approach to risk assessment balances the human rights of service users, their carers, and members of their communities. This is so risks can be managed more positively. A HRBA looks at risk through a ‘Human Rights’ lens, identifies relevant equality and diversity issues, and maximises service user participation and empowerment.A human rights based approach to risk, means ensuring service users are as involved as they can possibly be in their own risk assessment process. Whether the service user participates fully or contributes to a small aspect of their risk assessment, some involvement will almost always be possible . The ways in which you possibly apply this in your work practice is through things such as advocacy, direct payments, personalised services, person centred planning and support planning. Outcome 4 Be able to support individuals to make decisions about risks 1. upport an individual to recognise potential risk in different areas of their life 2. support the individual to balance choices with their own and others’ health, safety and Wellbeing Positive risk taking is a process which starts with the identification of potential benefit or harm. The desired outcome is to encourage and support people in positive risk taking to achieve personal change or growth. The individuals could face risks in many different areas of their life including, risks relating to their health, their social life and also their finances and it is important to support the individual to recognise those potential risks.The risk assessment looks at four areas of risk; risks to self, risks to others and risks from other and risks to property. Within each area of risk, common risk issues and difficulties (for example self harm, physical aggression, abuse issues) are itemised. It is also important that the individual realises that although they have a right to take risks they also have a responsibility towards themselves and others, including:ColleaguesFamilies or carersFriendsOther professionalsMembers of the publicAdvocatesAnd it is important that whilst maximising their quality of life they also need to maintain their safety, responsibilities to themselves and others for social emotional and physical reasons. Supporting an individual to recognise potential risks whilst balancing the choices with their own and others health, safety and well-being involves:Empowering people to access opportunities and take worthwhile chances.Understanding the person’s perspective of what they will gain from taking risks and understanding what they will lose if they are prevented from taking the ris k. Ensuring the individual understanding the consequences of different actions – An informed choice means that a person has the information and support to think the choice through and to understand what the reasonably expected consequences may be of making that choice.Helping the individual to make decisions based on all the choices available and accurate information – It is important to remember that too much information can be oppressive and individuals have differing needs in relation to how information is presented to them.Being positive about risk taking. Understanding a person’s strengths and finding creative ways for people to be able to do things rather than ruling them out.Knowing what has worked or not in the past and where problems have arisen, understanding whysupporting people who use services to learn from their experiences.ensuring support and advocacy is availablesometimes supporting short term risks for long-term gains.ensuring that services pro vided promote independence not dependenceassuming that people can make their own decisions (in line with the Mental Capacity Act) and supporting people to do so working in partnership with adults who use services, family carers and advocates and recognise their different perspectives and viewsdeveloping an understanding of the responsibilities of each partypromoting trusting working relationships. 3. describe how own values, belief systems and experiences may affect working practice when supporting an individual to take risks Giving people who use services choice and control over the care they receive is important if personalisation is to become a reality.The responsibility for encouraging  risk-taking can make you feel they are being put in a difficult position trying to balance personalisation with your own values and beliefs and also your duty to keep people safe. Because of your own past experiences you may feel that the risks involved, will result in problems, but you should not let this interfere with the individual’s desires. Because you had a bad experience following a course of action does not necessarily mean this will happen to others. An example could be an individual wanting to join a ‘lonely hearts’ club.Your own thought may be negative towards this course of action, possibly because you have personally had a bad experience or possibly because you feel this is not the best way to meet people. Your beliefs and experiences should not cloud the issue. It is important that you feel confident and equipped to support people you are caring for to assess and evaluate their own risks. Advice is readily available when facing difficult cases in the form of risk enablement panels, which can share responsibility for making complex decisions when signing off a person's support plan.The panel would usually involve the individual or any advocates or carers representing them; members of the local safeguarding adults board; the allocated soci al worker; and specialists such as a psychiatrist.4. record all discussions and decisions made relating to supporting the individual to take risks. It is important to ensure that any discussions and decisions made relating to supporting the individual to take risks or concerning risks, are recorded in their support plan. Records will need to be understandable to all the members of the team.The aim of record keeping is to ensure that the right people have the right information to provide the best care for the service user and they also provide a record of what you and the individual have discussed and decided with regards risk taking. The records should also record any incidents which have taken place. The reason for keeping the records are:To show that you have offered the individual choicesTo show that you have agreed the desired outcomesTo show that the individual has given their consent.This is important for two very important reasons: Responsibility – The records will ind icate who is responsible for what parts of the plan, this avoids confusion as everyone is clear of what their responsibilities are (Responsibility (for) can be defined as a set of tasks or functions that an employer, professional body, court of law or some other recognised body can legitimately demand. ) Accountability – means the person is contractually accountable to their employer and also accountable to the law, for any actions or ommissions in their practice and must always be able to justify their decisions.When work is being either distributed or delegated, the individual who carries it out needs to be competent to do so. Competence is an individual’s ability to effectively apply knowledge, understanding, skills and values within a designated scope of practice. (Accountability describes the mechanism by which failure to exercise responsibility may produce sanctions such as warnings, disciplining, suspension, criminal prosecution, or deregistration from professio nal status. It can be called ‘answerability’).Where a professional or organisation makes a decision not to support an individual to pursue a particular decision or course of action, they must be able to explain this and demonstrate that they have thought through and discussed in a balanced and proportional way the potential consequences of refusing to support the risk Where the individual is able to make an informed choice and still wishes to pursue a high risk decision or choice, having a signed risk assessment is one way of showing that they are aware of the risks and are willing to take them.This provides organisations and professionals with a significant degree of protection for their support of the decision should things go wrong.Outcome 5Be able to support individuals to take risks 1. complete a risk assessment with an individual following agreed ways of working Risk assessment is the activity of collecting information through observation, communication and invest igation.It is an ongoing process that involves considerable persistence and skill to assemble and manage relevant information in ways that become meaningful for the users of services (and significant other people) as well as the practitioners involved in delivering services and support. To be effective it needs disabled adults and older people, their families, carers, advocates and practitioners to interact and talk to each other about decisions that have been taken and their appropriateness in the light of experience.Where a risk assessment is needed, a decision then has to be taken about whether or not positive risk-taking is necessary to achieve certain outcomes for the person concerned. It will not always be appropriate to take positive risks but this has to be determined in partnership with the person affected, and their family where appropriate. It is a professional judgement that should not be influenced by an overly cautious approach to risk. At the same time though, positiv e risk-taking is not negligent ignorance of the potential risks – nobody benefits from allowing risks to play their course through to disaster. . communicate the content of the risk assessment to others It is important to communicate and work in a consistent way with all those supporting the individual. Information gathering and sharing is important. It is not just an essential part of risk assessment and management, but also key to identifying a risk in the first place. It is important to communicate the content of the risk assessment to all relevant staff. It will also be important to discuss and explain the risk assessment with the individual’s carer and family.The individual’s goals and targets should be discussed with all concerned, to aid understanding regards the risk assessment and to ensure all those involved are aware of the desired outcomes. However, the use and sharing of information must respect the principles outlined in the Data Protections Act 19 98.3. support the individual to take the risk for which the assessment has been completed Once the support plan has been completed and the risks defined it is important to support the individual to take the risks. This may involve discussing the risk assessment in depth with the individual’s family.The individual’s desired outcomes could conflict with those of carers, especially when the latter placed more emphasis on safety while the individual was prepared to accept a greater level of risk in order to maintain independence. Differences in attitudes to risk had to be tackled through ‘good social work’, to reinforce the individual’s preferences while helping the family to distinguish between unconventional and dangerous behaviours. Another way of supporting the individual to take the risk in the first instance, could involve a trial run.An example could be where the individual wants to make an independent trip in to town using public transport.On th e first trip you could accompany the individual on each step of the journey.On the second trip, you could accompany them to the town and then arrange to meet with them later in the day.On the third trip, you may just accompany them to the bus stop. Gradually you can reduce the amount of support you provide. Another method of support could be to have a contingency plan in case things don’t quite go according to plan.If we look again at the last scenario, what would happen if the individual missed the last bus home? By ensuring they have a pre-arranged telephone number of their next of kin or carer they can make them aware of the problem. Alternatively they may have the telephone number of the local mini cab office who would bring them home as an alternative. It is also important that the individual knows what to do if things do go wrong. You can support them to take risks by ensuring they have clear information and advice about what to do if they have any concerns.For example they should be aware of and be able to recognise and identify abuse or neglect and know where and how they should seek help if necessary. Your support doesn’t end once the risk assessment has been carried out. 4. review and revise the risk assessment with the individual After each risk assessment has been agreed it is important that it is monitored and reviewed in case any revisions are necessary. Risks may change as circumstances change, so they should be reviewed regularly. An assessment is a snapshot, whereas a risk assessment is an ongoing thing.Risk assessments should be reviewed periodically and whenever circumstances change to ensure they remain current. At the time the risk assessment is made it should include the signatures of everyone involved in the assessment and a review date should be identified. It is important to review and revise risk assessments so that the success of the positive risk taking can be assessed and any necessary adjustments can be made. It may be necessary for the individual to have access to further resources to enhance the plan or adaptations could be made to help the individual meet their planned outcomes.When positive risk-taking has a negative consequence, it is necessary to identify what has gone wrong and how the assessment and management of the risk contributed to this. Inevitably if we are supporting individuals to have more choice and control in their lives through positive approaches to managing risk, things are likely to go wrong from time to time. If this happens and the risk taken results in a negative outcome for the individual, there is no doubt that the risk taking process will come under scrutiny and the way in which this process worked to minimise the foreseeable risks will be considered.If the risks taken do not meet the planned outcomes for the individual then they may have to be reviewed and revised. 5. evaluate with the individual how taking the identified risk has contributed to their well-being. W ell-being describes the way we think and feel about ourselves and others, our confidence, and our ability to control things in our life. We all need to protect our wellbeing and this can be done by taking part in physical activity and having opportunities for relaxation and social activities. These can increase our resilience to cope with life's difficulties and ability to enjoy life.You will need to evaluate, with the individual, how taking the identified risks has contributed to their well-being and quality of life. This will involve looking at the positive and the negative consequences and outcomes of their choices. Has taking the risks met the individual’s needs and achieved their desired outcomes. Taking the identified risks should result in the individual feeling empowered and having greater independence, control and a sense of ‘normality’ about their lives. By supporting an individual to take positive risks, it can help them to evaluate alternative courses of action and can build confidence.The experience of failure, as a result of risk taking in a safe environment, can help to build resilience to setbacks and help individual’s to manage risk better in the future.Outcome 6Understand duty of care in relation to supporting positive risk-taking 1. explain how the principle of duty of care can be maintained while supporting individuals to take risks Ultimately, you have a statutory duty of care and a responsibility not to agree to a support plan if there are serious concerns that it will not meet an individual’s needs or if it places an individual in a dangerous situation.Whilst an individual can choose voluntarily to live with a level of risk and is entitled to do so (with the law treating that person as having consented to the risk) the local authority is not obliged to fund it. There is an important distinction between putting people at risk and enabling them to choose to take reasonable risks. Inevitably if we are suppo rting individuals to have more choice and control in their lives through positive risk taking, things may go wrong from time to time.A defensible decision is one where those involved in the risk assessing process:Used reliable assessment methodsActed responsibly in relation to their duty of careWere not negligentAssessed and took steps to manage and minimise foreseeable risksRecorded decisions and subsequently checked they were carried outFollowed policies, procedures and guidanceInvolved the person and other relevant people in the processSupported people to make informed decisionsIdentification of positive and negative risksInvolvement of people who use services and those who are important to them – this includes people who form the individual's informal ‘circle of support', who are involved from the beginning to gather information, define what the risks are from the individual's point of view and to discuss ways to enable and manage these risks.   Positive and infor med risk-taking – this is built on a strengths-based approach to the person and looks at creative ways for people to be able to do things rather than ruling them out. Proportionality – this means that the time and effort spent on managing a risk should match the severity of that risk.The approach should also explore the consequence of not taking the risk in question, such as loss of autonomy or restriction of choice. Contextualising behaviour – this means knowing about the person's history and social environment, their previous experience of risk, what has and has not worked in previous situations.   Defensible decision making – this means recording a clear rationale for all the decisions made and the discussions that led to the decisions, including reference to relevant legislation such as the Mental Capacity Act or the Human Rights Act. A learning culture – this require a commitment to ongoing learning and the use of reflective practice for peo ple working at the frontline. Tolerable risks – this involves negotiating and balancing issues of risk and safety to identify what is acceptable for everyone concerned (the individual and others including the community) on a case by case basis.2. describe what action to take if an individual decides to take an unplanned risk that places him/herself or others in immediate or imminent danger. Imminent danger† refers to any danger or dangerous condition that would not normally take place. If you think an individual is about to take an unplanned risk which will place them or others in immediate or imminent danger it is important to take appropriate corrective and preventative action and stop the activity immediately. An individual who is injuring himself/herself or is threatening physical harm to others may be restrained in an emergency to safeguard the individual and others. Risk assessments should include contingency measures that address risks arising from unplanned even ts.Physical intervention is:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"A method of responding to the challenging behaviour of people with a learning disability and/or autism, which involves some degree of direct physical force. † Physical intervention may be the only course of action. Staff should be equipped with a range of skills to deal with and de-escalate potentially violent situations, as well as a range of restraint techniques that will allow for use of the minimum level of force possible. Physical intervention is only used in response to challenging behaviour and to restrict the movement and mobility of the person concerned.

Destin Brass Products Co. Essay Example

Destin Brass Products Co. Essay Example Destin Brass Products Co. Essay Destin Brass Products Co. Essay Case Study: Destin Brass Products Co. Hsien-Da Lin 003253093 1. By using activity-based costing method, we can reallocate the overhead costs into three product lines based on four activities, which are numbers of used set up labor hours, percentage of transaction and machine usage, and numbers of machine hours used. Next, we add up the direct material, direct labor and overhead costs of each product line. After that, we divided the results by total production units. We get valve unit cost=$37. 70, pump unit cost=$48. 9, flow controller unit cost=$100. 91. ( see table 1) 2. Standard unit costs and revised unit costs both show that the highest product cost is pump product line. However, our transaction-based analysis shows it should be the flow controllers. We can tell that the unit costs have been badly distorted as a result of using single allocation basis (production-run labor cost). Through activity-based costing, we can be able to more accurately assign overhead costs to each prod uct, which means the result can effectively reflect the actual costs on each product line. 3. The strategies that I would recommend to the company are: a. Cutting the price of pumps to better compete with other suppliers in the market. Comparing the product cost between the new activity-based system and traditional system, we can easily find out that the company has been overestimated the pump cost. Thus, they thought the profit margin should be merely 22%. By reallocating the overhead costs more accurately, we found the profit margin should be doubled to 40%. (Table 2) The number shows that the profit margin of pump is much higher than their estimation. Besides, the competitors in market have been cutting prices to attract more customers and opportunities. We suggest the company should start cutting the pump price to better compete with those pump suppliers in the market. b. Increase the price of flow controllers or give up the product line: First of all, after calculating the actual cost of flow controller by activity-based cost method (see table 2), we realized that Destin Co. has been â€Å"underestimated† the controller cost by $44. 41. The company’s current system made them believe the product has 42% gross margin when the actual margin is -4%. The company has been losing money in this product line without knowing the fact. They claimed that they once raised the price by 12. 5% with no apparent effect on demand. This reveals two possibilities: 1. There is still room for the company to raise their price to earn more profit. By setting the new price $155. 25, they can reach 35% profit margin. 2. The price was too low for other competitors to enter the market because Dustin, Co. has been miscalculated the cost. Under this circumstance, if they should also consider getting out of the market to stop losing money. Conclusion: By adapting the new pricing strategies, the company can earn $696,338. 85 gross profit comparing to the $541,092. 00 when using the traditional price setting. (See table 3). However, if the flow controller market demand decreases significantly after raising the prices, they can quit the market immediately to avoid losing money on this product line. 4. The net income will not change, because the activity-transaction-based system only provides different individual cost. The total cost of good sold and sales will be the same under the two methods. Table 1 Table 2 Table 3